Case Study of George Polaris for Pathophysiology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCase Study of George Polaris for Pathophysiology. Answer: Introduction: COPD also called chronic obstructive disorder mainly occur when irritant enter the lung airways resulting in functional and structural changes in an individual and causing issues with respiratory procedures (Lainscak, et al., 2016). A proper treatment is important for such patients in order to help them overcome the root cause and also to properly handle his physiological systems which might get affected due to COPD (Adnot, 2014). A case study is provided on a patient called George Polaris who is also suffering from similar disorders. The assignments will first occur about the pathophysiology of the disorders and then the potential and actual harm he may face. Sequentially, it will also ponder upon the health teaching strategies that can be applied to make hi m literate about his health condition and take precautionary measures. Overview of the patient: The patient is a 62 year old man who was diagnosed in the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. He was suffering from shortness of breath for many days and was ultimately hospitalized when he had shortness of breath along with fever and a productive cough. Besides, he also had a history of the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). He had been a daily smoker for average 20 cigarettes from the very old age and does not have any drinking habits of any other allergies. His weight is also decreasing with only 65 kg for his height of 178 cms. Therefore the nurse should advice him with proper interventions and provides him with proper heath literacy so that he can develop better quality lives. Acute and potential health concern of the patients: The patient has a habit of excessive smoking and as a result it had severely affected his respiratory systems. He had been diagnosed with COP. The acute effects that such diseases have on an individual are airway inflammation, structural changes as well as muco-cilliary dysfunction. In the case of airway inflammation, the inhaled irritants by the patient cause different types of inflammatory cells to accumulate and in the process get activated (Lainscak, et al., 2016). They in turn initiate an inflammatory cascade which causes release of inflammatory mediators. They sustain the inflammatory process which lad to damage as well as systemic effects. These cause change in the structure of the lungs which causes perpetuation of airflow limitation. Secondly, it causes structural changes also known as airway remodeling which causes narrowing of the airways. The patient will also suffer form peri-bronchial fibrosis, build up of scar tissue and also of the over multiplication of the epithelia l cells lining in the airways (Rogers, 2014). Parenchyma destruction is associated with loss of lung elasticity. These mainly result from the destruction of the structures which help in the support as well as the feeding of the alveoli. Small airways lead to collapsing during the time of exhalation. Airflow is impeded, being trapped in the lungs and also causes reduction in lung capacity. Mucocilliary infection is yet another health concern that remains associated with the COPD (Lehto, 2014). Thirdly, it is also seen that smoking as well s inflammation cause enlargement of the mucous glands which are present in the lining of the airway walls of the lungs thee will result in goblet cell metaplasia. Healthy cells will be replaced by mucus secreting cells (Bouhlal, 2017). Moreover, this inflammation will also harm the mucociliary transport which is responsible for clearing mucus which will eventually accommodate and back them causing difficulty in breathing (Mitchell, 2015). Another potential health concern is the loss of rapid weight which is mainly the result of the occurrence of the CPD disorder. Two important factors have been depicted. Primarily, they have to use more energy to breathe than others (Teramoto, 2015). Moreover their bodies also use more energy for trying to perform different physiological function properly. Therefore the amount of food that they used to take before may not act sufficient when he is already being affected by the disorder. The calorie which is gathered form food is use up at a faster rate than before and weight loss is seen (Bouhlal, 2017). Secondly, another groups of researchers have stated that the inflammation of the lungs result the lung volume to get expanded in a way which reduce the amount of space between the lungs and the stomach (Lehto, 2014). When both the organs push against each others, it becomes an uncomfortable situation where the patient may find breathing even more difficult (McDonald, Gibson, Scott, Ba ines, Hensley, Pretto, 2014). This also discourages eating. As a result of these factors loss of weight is found in the patients who suffer from the disorder. Topics for client education: The first topic of the client education would be the ways of the cessation of the smoking habits of the patient so that COPD cannot lead to further destruction of the lungs with functional and structural damage of the lungs. Proper education of the patient with the different harmful effects of the cigarette smoking will help him to be aware of the different negative aspects that were associated with the smoking procedure (Lehto, 2014).. Making him aware of the pathway of harm of cigarette and tobacco irritant will make him more responsible and he will be more careful about his health (Tamura, Bell, Masaki, 2013). Once the nurse becomes successful in making the patient literate about his condition, she just needs to provide the correct procedures about how he can manage his smoking addictions (Teramoto, 2015). The inflammation of the lungs that occur due to irritants of cigarette smoke often leads to a series of secretion of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage, therefore the tis sues of the lungs can be protected from further damage is the patients reduces his smoking tendencies. The systemic effect will inevitably reduce and no airway remodeling will take place (McDonald, Gibson, Scott, Baines, Hensley, Pretto, 2014). Narrowing of the airways will eventually reduce and the symptoms of shortness of breath will also reduce. Moreover, the mucociliary dysfunction will eventually not take place and hence huge amount s mucous formation will reduce (Berndt, et al., 2014). The second topic of health education will be how to maintain a proper weight according to the BMI ration of height and weight. He is underweight and this had been mainly the effects of the COPD. Hence, a proper education about how to take maintained diet will help his body to maintain his requirement of the nutrients of the body (McDonald, Gibson, Scott, Baines, Hensley, Pretto, 2014). A proper diet will help to provide the correct amount of energy which will b required by the physiological functions of the body (McDonald et al., 2014). A total explanation of the entire process will help him to understand the side effects of the COPS and hence this will make him more careful in his diet chart (Tamura, Bell, Masaki, 2013). Strategies to provide health education for smoking cessation for George: As per the case study, it is seen that George Polaris is not literate about the harmful effects of smoking. Moreover he has developed this habit form very early age which shows the fact that proper education about health has not been inculcated in him. Therefore his procedure of self management plan should be very much simple so that he can easily follow the steps and at the same time can adhere to the program (de Melo Ghisi, Abdallah, Grace, Thomas, Oh, 2014). The first initiative of the smoking cessation plan would be to list down to him the main reasons for which the smoking habit of him should be controlled. The four important reasons that George should keep in mind is the improvement of health, lowering his risk of further intensification of the symptoms of the chronic obstructive disorders (Tamura, Bell, Masaki, 2013). The third one is not exposing the families and friends to any secondhand smoke and also to save money spent after affording the cigarettes. After clearly unde rstanding the four main reasons, he should make up his mind to finalize a quit day. For this the nurse would help him to pick a random date or a day which would be less stressful for him or a day which would hold special meaning for him for a particular reason. The date should be marked by him on the calendar (Lindson?Hawley Thompson, 2015). Many individuals state that gradually quitting smoking is helpful but however present day researchers have stated that there are evidences which suggest abrupt quitting of smoking like setting a quit date and thereby sticking to it results in successful long term quitting (McDonald et al., 2014). The next initiative that the nurse should take is preparation for the quit day. Research has shown that combination of medical treatments as well as behavioral counseling help in the improvement of the likelihood of successful quitting (Berndt, et al., 2014). The ways how to lessen cravings include nicotine replacement skin patch, lozenges, inhalers, gum and also nasal sprays. These treatments mainly start on quit day (Lawless, 2015). Providing the patient with proper support system is another important criterion that will help him to overcome the habit with gradual development their scoping skills (de Melo Ghisi, Abdallah, Grace, Thomas, Oh, 2014). The nurse should also teach the patient about how to use online apps and tools for creating and also implementing quit plan. The patients should be also taught to identify smoking triggers and also the habits. Identifying whether stress, smoking after meal, smoking or worse breaks and other trigger smoking so that proper decision can be taken for withdrawal (Lawless, 2015). Handling of the quit day is also very important where the nurse should provide him with a proper guideline list like the following (Berndt, et al., 2014). Staying quit- with the help of a proper quit smoking plan to help the patient in guiding him, the patient will have proper resources on which he had quit smoking. More the resources one has in place like nicotine replacement, support groups, medications, coaching, as well ad the proper healthcare advices, the patient will have a higher chance for overcoming the harmful effects of quitting (Lehto, 2014). The second healthcare education that the patient needs is about the proper management of his weight. This should be provided in one to one face to face meeting procedure so that the patient can provide concentration to certain important points. Hence the patient should be told about the importance of maintaining the correct weight according it his BMI. The main instructions and the advices he should be given are that rather than having two of three meals, he should eat five to six smaller meals in the day that is he should eat more frequently. Choosing nutrient rich food like whole-grain breads, pastas and cereals; fruits and vegetables; dairy products; lean protein sources; and nuts and seeds should be given as advice (Bouhlal, 2017). He should not have diet soda, coffee as well as other drinks. The patient should also make every bite count such as snacks on nuts, cheese, peanut butter an also have bedtime snacks for butter and jelly sandwich with vegetables and lean meat and cheese (Vincze, et al., 2017). The nurse should also provide a proper diet chart to the patient and ask him to top it off by adding extra for the dishes for addition of more calories (Bouhlal, 2017). Light exercises for strength training can also be taught to him to increase his appetite as well (Star, 2015). All these would be formed in to brochures and handed to him after the meeting. His schedule diet system should also be provided in chat so that it becomes easy for him to maintain. Face to face appointment with proper scheduling of the steps he would take would help him to understand the strategy that he needs to uptake successfully. Moreover providing him brochures will make things easier for him to understand. Also the nurse had prepared for weight management through regular and easy initiatives so that he does not face financial constraints at the same time can take part in the strategies effectively. Conclusion: The patient has developed COPD and has been suffering from shortness of breath, fever as well as productive cough. The main rationale that could be analyzed by the patient here is the long history of the patient being addicted to smoking and had a habit of taking 20 cigarettes per day. Hence, the patient should be first made to understand the pathophysiology of the harmful disorder in simple language to an extent which is possible for laymen to understand. Two main strategies that should be considered for further prevention would be quitting form the habit of smoking and increasing his body weight. Proper training methods like setting plans for quit smoke day, maintain a detailed procedure for food intake and a diet plan. 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